Create a bioinformatics workflow for bulk RNA-seq differential expression analysis: (1) raw FASTQ quality assessment (FastQC), (2) adapter trimming (Trimmomatic/fastp), (3) alignment to reference genome (STAR/HISAT2), (4) BAM file sorting and indexing (SAMtools), (5) feature counting (featureCounts/HTSeq), (6) count matrix normalization (DESeq2 median of ratios), (7) differential expression testing (Wald test, BH-adjusted p-value < 0.05, |log2FC| > 1), (8) visualization (volcano plot, MA plot, heatmap), (9) functional enrichment (GO, KEGG pathway analysis). Show data format at each step.
